Convergence of wildlife crime with other forms of organised crime

Our 2023 and 2021 reports examine the cross-cutting nature of wildlife crime and offer suggested recommendations for law enforcement and policy makers to increase their focus on crime convergence to better protect our vulnerable wildlife.

A set of 15 case studies that illustrate a range of converging crime types and typologies from around the world

Examples include eight cases involving the trafficking of terrestrial wild animals, four cases involving fisheries crimes, three cases involving timber crimes, and one case focusing on sand mining.

Case Study 1

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Elephant ivory, pangolin scales, illegal sand mining, and protection rackets


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Diversification of commodities


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Southeast Asia and Africa

Case Study 2

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Rhino horn, cash-in-transit heists, extortion, and murder


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Embedded convergence


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Africa

Case Study 3

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Shark, sea cucumber, illicit drugs, tax evasion, money laundering, and corruption


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Embedded and transactional convergence


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Central America

Case Study 4

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Elephant ivory, rhino horns, illicit drugs


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGIES 
Opportunistic convergence and diversification of illicit commodities


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
East Africa

Case Study 5

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Tiger parts and human trafficking


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Opportunistic convergence


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Southeast Asia

Case Study 6

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Live reptiles and migrant smuggling


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Unconfirmed – possibly complete “career shift”


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
South Asia

Case Study 7

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Live reptiles and fraud


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Unconfirmed – possibly complete “career shift”


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
South Asia

Case Study 8

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Wildlife (various) and gold/precious stones


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Diversification of commodities


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Various

Case Study 9

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Rhino horns and various fraud and smuggling crimes


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Opportunistic convergence


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Europe

Case Study 10

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Shark fins and illicit drugs


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Diversification of commodities


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
North America and East Asia

Case Study 11

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Abalone and illicit drugs


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY 
Transactional convergence of illicit commodities


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Southern Africa

Case Study 12

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Fish and human trafficking/ modern slavery


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Transactional convergence


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Southeast Asia

Case Study 13

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Timber and illicit drugs


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Diversification of commodities


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Southeast Asia and South America

Case Study 14

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Timber, corruption, and fraud


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Embedded convergence where the crime types are inextricably linked


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
South America

Case Study 15

COMMODITIES INVOLVED 
Timber, corruption, and money laundering


CONVERGENCE TYPOLOGY
Embedded convergence where the crime types are inextricably linked


GEOGRAPHIC REGION 
Southeast Asia

convergence-wildlife-crime-2023-review

Convergence of wildlife crime with other forms of organised crime: A 2023 review

In October 2023, the Wildlife Justice Commission published Convergence of wildlife crime with other forms of organised crime: A 2023 Review, compiling three new case studies as an update to the 2021 report, to continue to build on this work and present additional analysis and insight into wildlife crime convergence.

convergence-of-wildlife-crime-cover

Convergence of wildlife crime with other forms of organised crime

In May 2021, the Wildlife Justice Commission published the report Convergence of wildlife crime with other forms of organised crime, which presented 12 case studies to illustrate the varied ways that wildlife crime (including crimes related to terrestrial wild animals, fisheries, and timber) can overlap or intersect with other serious and organised crimes.

Wildlife crime is a cross-cutting criminal activity which cannot be tackled in isolation from other crimes. By addressing convergence and removing the common nodes between criminal networks, law enforcement agencies can have a greater impact on disrupting organised crime and preventing networks from reforming.